Low back pain (LBP) is a heterogeneous disorder including patients with dominant nociceptive (e.g., myofascial LBP), neuropathic (e.g., lumbar radiculopathy), and central sensitization pain [1]. Nociceptive pain is defined as “pain arising from actual or threatening damage to non-neural tissue and is due to the activation of nociceptors, or as pain attributable to the activation […]
Old knees are mostly painful due to a complex problem called the osteoarthritis (OA). It is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders, which refers to clinical syndrome of joint pain accompanied by varying degrees of functional limitation and reduced quality of life (1). It affects more than one-third of persons of age more than […]
Pain assessment has always been a challenge for researchers for many years. They have always tried to quantify pain. Quantitative sensory testing (QST) evaluates the integrity of the entire sensory receptors. It is found to be a reliable and relatively reproducible. Though QST is a subjective test, recent brain imaging studies provide strong evidence that […]